The answer is twofold—their genetic heritage and the human desire to please. Race horses were bred into racing to ensure the highest possible competitive quality, and their tongues were tied to ensure that the race horse’s mouth was in control of the racing. Now, as a racehorse’s breeding is more advanced than ever, the need for a horse to be fully able to speak is decreasing. The modern horse has a long tongue that is capable of much greater nuance and complexity than the tongue of past generations. This makes it so that a race horse’s mouth is often the focus of attention and therefore, the horse’s ability to speak is also a key factor in selecting the best racehorse, and by extension, the best person. There are also some special reasons why certain racehorses can have longer tongues, such as the size of the tongue relative to the rest of a horse’s mouth. However, these differences in size are still minor factors when judging the level and quality of a horse’s speech. What determines the level of sophistication a horse’s speech? The level of sophistication of speech is the culmination of many factors. First, the number and quality of the features in the animal’s body that are used to produce speech is more complex than in the human. Second, the level of processing required by the animal to produce speech is likely to be very different from that in a human; as a result, the animal has fewer of the features necessary to produce speech. A horse’s body features also play a significant role in its ability to produce speech. The shape of their body, the length of the snout, the shape of the mouth on the horse’s face, the shape of the throat on the horse’s face, and the number of jaw muscles and the number of muscle groups in the horse’s body all influence in part the level of processing required to produce speech. Horses with very long tongue can produce more complex words, and many breeds can produce very high level speech, but many breeds can only produce high level speech if they are selected for the higher level of complexity of speech that their tongue allows. This is true for the European, Mexican, and Asian horse breeds, among others. The ability of the human tongue to produce complex high level speech is not necessarily limited to spoken language alone and therefore, many other factors also influence the rate at which a horse’s speech produces words. The length of the tongue and the level of processing by the horse’s muscles also play a part in the level of speech produced as does the level of complexity of the
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